Outputs of a population include

• A. Birth and immigration
• B. Death emigration
• C. Birth alone
• D. Immigration alone

Answer: (B)

Outputs are the losses from a population—the factors that reduce how many individuals are in a given area. In population dynamics, births and immigration add individuals to the population, acting as inputs. Deaths and emigration remove individuals, acting as outputs. So the combination of death and emigration best represents the losses from the population.